I finished reading Mike Bloomberg’s updated autobiography, published in 2019.It details Mike’s journey from a Wall Street firm to entrepreneur, mayor, and philanthropist. It’s a mix of his journey, the principles he lived by, and thoughts on society.

How Did Mike’s Early Years Affect His Trajectory?

Mike was raised in a middle-class family in a blue-collar community. His father worked six or seven days a week until he died. His father’s and his community’s work ethic left an impression on Mike. Now, decades later, in his seventies and with a net worth reportedly exceeding $100 billion at the time of this writing, Mike’s idea of a perfect day is one that starts with exercise and being at his desk by 7 a.m., is jam-packed until into the evening, and ends with falling into bed exhausted. Mike believes in grinding daily, even though he doesn’t have to at this stage of his life.

Mike benefited from serendipity in his youth and early in his career. A coworker at his after-school job put Johns Hopkins on his radar. He went to graduate school because that’s what everyone else in his class was doing. He didn’t know that institutional sales and equity trading was a job, but a Harvard classmate told him to apply to Salomon Brothers for the role anyway. Salomon was acquired, and Mike’s interest in the partnership was bought for $10 million. At a glance, it looks like Mike got a lot of lucky breaks. But digging deeper, it’s apparent that his work ethic put him in environments that increased his chances of getting lucky. He did everything to the best of his ability, which led to more and better opportunities.

What Strategy Did Mike Employ to Achieve Success?

Mike learned how inefficient and difficult accessing data was while he was working on Wall Street. He wasn’t technical, but he solved this problem for his firm using computers, while still doing his day job. After this experience, he was able to do the same for other Wall Street firms, and this led to him founding his company and creating his Terminal product.

The genius in Mike’s strategy was his embrace of media. Bloomberg’s core goal is to gather accurate data and help people analyze it via their Terminal. Mike recognized that each medium was a unique way to distribute his data and analysis to people who could be potential Terminal customers. Leveraging media was a way for Mike to increase awareness about Bloomberg and pull people interested in financial data to Bloomberg. He created a magnet using media that pulled customers to him and made it easier to sell Terminals to them.

Mike also understood supply-and-demand dynamics and their impact on company longevity and margins. Providing something that’s not unique means that others can provide something similar. The supply of that thing is high, and the price you can charge for it goes down. Mike wrote about the example of reporting the news—everyone can do it, so the supply is high.

Providing something that isn’t beneficial doesn’t add value and often means there are alternatives. There isn’t a great need, which can result in low demand. Michael uses the example of entertainment content. It’s nice but not necessary, and many alternatives exist, so demand can be low.

High supply and low demand equal low prices and low margins. Mike understood this and aimed for the opposite: low supply and high demand. Bloomberg was the only company able to provide accurate data and a superior analysis tool that helped financial professionals do a better job. The supply of products like the Terminal was limited and demand was high, allowing Bloomberg to charge a sky-high rate of up to $2,000 per month to rent a Terminal. Customers happily paid it.

What I Learned from Mike’s Journey

Building a media company and selling attention is a proven and lucrative business model that scales well because of the low cost of marginal replication. However, it leaves you dependent on advertising revenue, which can be unpredictable. If you can create a unique product or service with high demand, creating media related to it is a great way to attract an audience, make that audience aware of your product or service, and increase sales of your product or service. Ad revenue can be gravy, not the primary revenue source.

Mike has had tremendous success with Bloomberg and materially affected how finance professionals work. I’m glad I got to learn about his strategy for building Bloomberg. It got me thinking about media differently. Anyone interested in learning about data, media, politics, or philanthropy may benefit from reading his updated autobiography.

To Mike Bloomberg, every problem is an opportunity. When Bloomberg News tried to become an accredited news organization to gain access to government data that impacts markets, such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI), it was denied. Bloomberg News’s credibility was questioned because its stories weren’t published in a traditional newspaper.

Around the same time, the New York Times wanted access to a Terminal. Recognizing an opportunity, Bloomberg bartered Terminal access for an agreement that worthy stories from Bloomberg News would be published in the New York Times (at the latter’s discretion). Within a year, every major newspaper in the United States wanted the same deal. By 1995, Bloomberg News was American newspapers’ second-most-published news service, bested only by the Associated Press. That same year, the New York Times newspaper syndicate, comprising 700 newspapers globally, included Bloomberg News. The credibility issue was solved, and accreditation was granted. Newspapers and distribution via print media weren’t part of Bloomberg’s strategy, but solving a problem helped unlock the power of distributing through print media.  

In 1991, Mike received a call from Jon Fram about buying the bankrupt television channel Financial News Network (FNN), which later became CNBC. Mike declined, but Fram convinced him that Bloomberg’s financial data and analysis were ideal for broadcasting, especially on TV. Mike liked the broadcasting strategy but started with radio when he acquired New York AM station WNEW for $13.5 million. Bloomberg built technology to streamline audio content creation, production, and publishing, which was unheard of at the time but made reporters more productive.

From there, Bloomberg moved into television, a technology Mike says is as powerful and impactful as Gutenberg’s printing press. It began with a daily, thirty-minute show aired on Maryland Public Television and syndicated through the United States The show was an instant hit and led to what is now Bloomberg Television, a subscription television channel distributed globally.

Since then, Mike says, Bloomberg has become the first true multimedia company available on every medium: Terminal, television, print, radio, telephones, web, social media, and podcasts. Bloomberg can deliver accurate data and analysis to customers wherever they need it and however they want to consume it.

Today, according to Bloomberg’s website, it has over 21,000 employees in 159 offices in 69 countries. Mike believes that “answering to essentially no one is the ultimate situation” and has opted against listing the company on a public stock exchange. Bloomberg even bought back Merrill’s 30% ownership stake (10% in 1996 for $200 million and the remaining 20% for $4.5 billion in 2008 during the Great Financial Crisis).

I’ve focused on Mike’s entrepreneurial journey, but his autobiography also details his time as mayor of New York City, his philanthropic initiatives, and his near-death experiences as a helicopter and airplane pilot.

Mike Bloomberg had built the most accurate bond data and superior technology to analyze it (and, later, stocks too). His Market Master product, later called the Terminal, was renting briskly. The company had about 150 employees and was growing. But Mike wanted more people to benefit from Bloomberg’s data and analysis capabilities. Matt Winkler would help Mike take the first step in this direction.

Matt was a Wall Street Journal reporter who, in September 1988, wrote a front-page story on Mike’s company. He highlighted how the Terminal was becoming a vital tool in helping institutions make bond-purchasing decisions. Matt also helped Mike realize that adding text news to existing Terminal capabilities would create something that didn’t exist on Wall Street. Mike decided to launch a newswire business and compete against the Wall Street Journal’s parent company, Dow Jones, and Europe’s financial news leader, Reuters. Mike hired Matt, and they were off to the races.

Mike’s goals for the newswire business were clear:

• Collect and relay the news
• Advertise the analytical and computational powers of Bloomberg Terminals by highlighting their capabilities in each news story, which would increase Terminal subscriptions
• Include Terminal functions (links to datasets) in news stories to give more information to Terminal subscribers and encourage them to subscribe—the more people read news that included Terminal functions, the more people would subscribe to Terminals

Mike took a different approach in launching the new business in 1990. His terminals generated significant revenue, so the newswire business didn’t have to pay for itself as a stand-alone product. He wasn’t beholden to advertising revenue and didn’t have to run after eyeballs. He approached creating news stories with a technology-first mindset and leveraged computers to produce and deliver financial news. This computer-driven approach got news out faster and cost less to produce. Mike’s timing was significant because the looming 1990 recession meant reporters were looking for jobs, which allowed him to hire great talent.

Mike’s strategy worked, and the newswire became popular. The service stood out because it combined traditional text news with calculations and graphs from the Terminal. The illustrations and data complemented the words, enhancing the experience for readers.

Dow Jones and Reuters didn’t take Bloomberg seriously until the newswire service was already a breakout success. By then, it was too late. Bloomberg could replicate what the established financial news companies offered, but they couldn’t replicate what Bloomberg offered. Going up against slow-moving incumbents had worked to Mike’s advantage. Being flexible and offering more for less allowed Bloomberg to become a credible competitor before the big boys realized what was happening. By the end of 1990, the New York Stock Exchange had three official news organizations: Dow Jones and Reuters, both over 100 years old, and Bloomberg News.

With his newswire successfully distributing information and analysis, Mike set his sights on the next distribution method: broadcasting.

Mike Bloomberg was in a fortunate but uncertain situation. He had $10 million but didn’t have a job. He figured he had three options: look for a job, remain unemployed, or start a company. No one was calling and offering him a job, and he was too young to retire. He decided to start his own company.

According to the biography I’m reading, Mike asked himself what he had the resources, ability, interest, and contacts to do. In the 1960s, Wall Street was drowning in paperwork. In the late ’60s, Mike read that computers were good at storing data. He convinced the Salomon leaders to let him work on a project, nights and weekends, to automate data collection and retrieval. In 1972, he and a programmer launched B Page at Salomon. It was an internal system to access historical trading records and available data on public securities. It was also a messaging system for internal communication. When fixed trading commissions ended, Wall Street firms began making money using math-heavy arbitrage and trading strategies. B Page gave Salomon an edge over other firms.

Mike had money and knew smart people at Salomon, so resources weren’t an issue. He’d figured out how to create a data system for Wall Street investors, was interested in data and financial markets, and had contacts all over Wall Street. He started a company offering software that let non-mathematicians analyze bond information. In 1981, he put $300,000 in a business checking account and recruited four coworkers from Salomon.

Mike needed credibility and revenue for his start-up, so he did a six-month consulting project with Merrill Lynch and was paid $100,000. He used that project to get introduced to Merrill’s leader of capital markets. He pitched a nonexistent product to the leader and told him he didn’t have to pay unless it was delivered on time. Merrill Lynch liked the product and agreed to the no-risk deal. Mike hired salespeople and operators, even though the product was still being built and they had only one customer. He blew through $4 million and ultimately hired almost two dozen people. He began to wonder if he was jeopardizing his wealth and reputation.

In July 1983, Mike’s firm, Innovative Market Systems, delivered its Market Master product to Merrill. A computer terminal with a keyboard allowed users to access bond market data and analyze whether a bond was cheap or expensive. The product was delivered on time and worked well enough for Merrill to commit to purchasing. Merrill paid a $600,000 one-time custom development fee and $1,000 monthly for each terminal under a two-year agreement. Merrill initially took delivery of twenty-two terminals, which resulted in $240,000 in subscription revenue over two years, bringing the total deal value to $840,000.

The Merrill deal led to credibility and other clients, such as the Bank of England, signing on—and to a critical acqui-hire. Michael met data entrepreneur John Aubert in Merrill’s cafeteria in 1984. John’s three-person firm was skilled at gathering and structuring data. The day they met, Mike agreed to absorb John’s company. John went on to start Bloomberg’s data-collection facility and devised Bloomberg’s data-collection process, which included a crucial analytical component. Data was the backbone of Mike’s company, and John’s skills laid the foundation for the company’s data edge over competitors.  

Things were starting to click for Mike. The more he thought about his data and analysis business, the more he realized he needed to find different ways to distribute his product.

Earlier this month, Michael “Mike” Bloomberg announced that he’s donating $600 million to four historically Black medical schools. This caught my attention. I researched Mike and his media and technology company. I’ve been reading biographies about media entrepreneurs recently, so I read the updated version of his autobiography Bloomberg by Bloomberg.

Mike was born in 1942 in a middle-class family. His father was an accountant at a dairy. His hometown, Medford, Massachusetts, was a blue-collar city outside Boston where few people attended college. Mike attending Johns Hopkins was serendipitous—someone at his part-time job told him about Hopkins and encouraged him to apply. He was an average student but got into Harvard Business School, likely because of his various leadership roles as an undergrad.

Mike planned to serve in the military to fight in the Vietnam War after graduating from Harvard, but the military rejected him because of his flat feet. Jobless and with student loans to pay a few weeks before graduation, Mike took the advice of a friend who suggested he apply to be an institutional salesperson or equity trader. Mike had no idea what people in those roles did, but he needed money. He was hired at Salomon Brothers in 1966. Securities trading and sales were considered second-class jobs, not something Ivy League graduates did. The job didn’t pay even enough to cover his bills. He started off doing clerical work but eventually got a break—he was asked to help build the firm’s business doing block trades, a new thing at the time, for institutional clients.

Block trading became Salomon’s most visible department, and Mike was promoted to general partner in 1972. In 1973, his boss had a fistfight with another partner on the trading floor, and Mike was given responsibility for all stock trading. In 1979, the block-trading business became unprofitable, and Mike was assigned to oversee the firm’s information systems.

Mike pushed for Salomon to implement a computer system that would enable cooperation across departments and firmwide risk management. This push caused a political battle between Mike and some members of the firm’s executive committee. Then in August 1981, the executive committee merged the 71-year-old partnership with public commodities trading firm Phibro Corporation. The merger was bittersweet for Mike. His ownership in the partnership netted him $10 million in cash and convertible bonds when the merger closed. But his rivalry with certain executive committee members had caught up with him; he wasn’t offered employment with the merged company. He was being fired.

After fifteen years, Mike was leaving the only full-time job he’d ever known. He was 39 and had a wife and young daughter. He had to figure out what he was going to do next.

Current Project: Reading books about entrepreneurs and sharing what I learned from them via blog posts and audio podcasts

Mission: Create a library of wisdom from notable entrepreneurs that current entrepreneurs can leverage to increase their chances of success

What I struggled with:

• No material struggles this past week.

What I learned:

• Some steps in creating digests are tedious and repetitive. Using technology to help with them would materially reduce the time required to create each digest.
• Interesting fact: Dave Ramsey’s company will generate over $300 million in revenue this year.
• To publish a podcast series on a book every other week, I should spend the first week preparing and the second week recording, editing, and publishing. The preparation week leads to more valuable insights.

Those are my struggles and learnings from the week!

Current Project: Reading books about entrepreneurs and sharing what I learned from them via blog posts and audio podcasts

Mission: Create a library of wisdom from notable entrepreneurs that current entrepreneurs can leverage to increase their chances of success

Cumulative metrics (since 4/1/24):

• Total books read: 26
• Total book digests created: 10
• Total blog posts published: 140
• Total audio recordings published: 97
• Average digest length: 5.3% of the book’s length
• Average recording length: TBD

This week’s metrics:

• Books read: 1
• Book digests created: 1
• Blog posts published: 7
• Audio recordings published: 0
• This week’s digest length: 5.5% of the book’s length
• This week’s recording length: no recordings this past week

What I completed this week (link to last week’s commitments):

• Read the autobiography of Michael Bloomberg, founder of Bloomberg L.P.
• Finished creating the digest of the Roy Thomson biography
• Had two additional feedback sessions

Content changes:

• No recordings this past week

What I’ll do next week:

• Read a biography of Jack Kent Cooke
• Create a digest of Michael Bloomberg’s autobiography
• Write and publish blog posts about the biography of Jack Kent Cooke
• Record, edit, and publish an audio podcast series about Ted Turner’s autobiography
• Complete two feedback sessions

Asks:

• No asks this week

Week two hundred thirty was another week of learning. Looking forward to next week!

I’ve finished reading a biography of Roy Thomson’s journey. It was written in 1965 when Roy was around 71. Roy lived another eleven years. In 1976, he wrote an autobiography that focused on the building of his British empire. I plan to read it.

How Did Roy’s Early Years Affect His Trajectory?

Roy’s parents were working class; his father was a barber, and his mother was a maid at a hotel. Roy’s great aunt, Sarah Hislop, was not working class. She invested in mortgages, and she held the mortgage on the home Roy’s parents owned. Given the family’s limited means, paying off that mortgage was their highest priority. This dynamic contributed to Roy needing to work as early as legally permissible and dropping out of school at age 14 to work full-time. The contrast between Aunt Sarah and Roy’s parents made an impression on Roy. His parents were working to scrape together enough money to pay Aunt Sarah. Aunt Sarah’s loan generated income for her, regardless of whether she worked. Roy’s parents worked for money, and Aunt Sarah’s money worked for her. Roy wanted the latter. Like Aunt Sarah, he wanted to be wealthy, and he developed a “passionate devotion to money.”

Aunt Sarah noticed his respect for money and loaned 15-year-old Roy capital to invest in mortgages alongside her. Roy was instantly hooked—hooked on the notion that he could borrow money to purchase investments and buy things that would generate cash in the future.

Roy told coworkers he’d be a millionaire by age 30. He didn’t achieve that goal, but becoming wealthy became the driving force in his life.

What Strategy Did Roy Employ to Achieve Success?

Roy learned that selling physical products and scaling that business model is complex. To sell more products, you need more inventory; to buy more inventory, you need capital to purchase it and, sometimes, expand your capability to store it.

Roy created a radio station as a way to sell more radios but quickly learned it was much easier to increase revenue in a radio station than in a company selling radios. The more listeners tuned in, the more people the ads reached and the more Roy could charge for advertising. He realized that radio broadcasting as a business model had leverage because his costs remained the same as listeners and ad revenue increased. The cost of marginal replication was low or zero, and revenue increases could happen rapidly. This was true for television broadcasting and newspapers too, which he expanded into. Media became the backbone of Roy’s strategy. Whether his customers were reading newspapers, listening to radio, or watching TV, Roy could sell their attention to advertisers for a profit.

Starting a radio station, television station, or newspaper from scratch is hard and takes time. Roy started off doing this but realized he preferred to improve existing properties. An underperforming property could be acquired for a low multiple (i.e., low price), especially if it was in a rural town and had been family-owned for generations. Once it was improved and benefiting from the economies of scale by being part of his empire, it could rapidly produce more cash. Buying media properties, improving operations, and generating cash became vital to Roy’s strategy.

Roy said, “My fortune is as large as my credit rating . . . and my credit rating is limitless.” This pretty much sums up the next part of Roy’s strategy. He believed in using debt, a form of capital leverage, to obtain the capital needed to acquire media properties. He understood two things about debt:

• Rate of return – Roy used borrowed money when the potential rate of return exceeded his interest rate. For example, when he could borrow money at 5% and buy an asset that in a year would generate a cash return of at least 10% of the purchase price, buying that asset with debt made sense.
• Ownership – Roy was focused on the companies he acquired generating cash years into the future. He didn’t give up ownership in his companies when he used debt, which meant he owned those future cash flow streams (after the debt was paid off). If he’d raised capital by selling equity (i.e., ownership), other investors would own part of those future cash flow streams in perpetuity.  

Another thing that stood out to me was how Roy used two forms of leverage. He combined a highly scalable media business model (low to no cost of marginal replication) with capital leverage (debt). The combination of the two, along with luck and a focus on cash flow, turbocharged his ability to build his empire and wealth.

What about Roy’s Execution Made Him Successful?

Roy eventually learned to stay out of the details and focus on strategy and acquisitions. Like many entrepreneurs, he learned this the hard way. After years of being in the weeds, he hired Jack Kent Cooke, who freed him up. He learned his company could move faster with him out of the details. From that point on, he ran a decentralized company with nonfinancial decision-making at each media property that aligned with the community being served. Henry Singleton at Teledyne and Warren Buffett at Berkshire Hathaway used similar approaches.  

Roy also put a ton of hours into his work. He was known to work sixteen- and seventeen-hour days and sometimes wouldn’t see his family until the weekend. He got more done than the average person. Working that much had a downside, though. When his wife passed away, he regretted not spending more time with her.

Roy’s story was inspiring. He failed for many years, first as a farmer, then selling automotive parts, and then as an electronics retailer, before realizing the power of media. But when he figured it out, he excelled. He built an empire that still stands today.

Access to capital was key to Roy Thomson’s acquisition strategy and success, according to the biography I'm reading. When possible, he avoided selling equity (ownership) in his company to raise capital. He wanted all the profits he knew he’d eventually generate to be his, not other shareholders’. He also despised the idea of having to deal with a board of directors, seeing the conflicting opinions of directors as a waste of his time. Roy believed that if he could borrow at 5% and get a return of 10% or more on the borrowed capital, it was sensible to raise capital through debt instead of selling equity.

In 1955, Roy publicly declared his intent to bid for the charter to launch an independent Scottish television station. No one in Scotland understood the opportunity like Roy did, and the elites declined to invest. He even asked colleagues at All-Canada Radio to partner with him, but they too declined. These people didn’t know that Roy had obsessed over this station and done extensive research, sending his lieutenant to tour American and Canadian stations and ask questions about budgets. Roy analyzed spending per capita in Scotland compared to England to determine what ad rates he could charge. His work paid off, and in May 1956, regulators gave Roy a charter to establish Scottish Television Limited (STV), which he was chairman of.

To finance the deal, Roy tried to borrow £400,000, but the Scottish bank gave him only £240,000, which surprised him. Roy assembled an investor group and valued the company at £400,000, equal to the required start-up capital. Roy was £160,000 short of his goal and decided to raise it primarily by issuing £120,000 in bonds, but also by selling 40,000 shares of equity for £40,000 to an investor group. Roy was one of the investors in that group; he bought £32,000 worth, or 80%. Instead of spending £400,000 of his own funds to own 100%, Roy spent £32,0000 to own 80%. He’d sold as little company equity as possible and managed to keep control and as much of the eventual profits as possible.

STV was a big hit. In its first month, STV made a £10,000 profit. Quickly, it was on track to do £1,000,000 in profit in the first year. Nobody except Roy had expected STV to turn a profit. Within two years, those 40,000 shares in STV that were initially worth £400,000 exploded in value to millions—so much so that Roy used them as part of a transaction to purchase an entire chain of British newspapers.

In 1958, Kemsley Press, a prestigious company that owned eighteen British newspapers, asked Roy if he was still interested in acquiring them. The deal was done in a complicated transaction that took sixteen intense days to negotiate. It had three parts:

• Kemsley Press acquired STV from Roy for £5.5 million: £1 million in cash, £500,000 in bonds, and £4 million in newly issued Kemsley shares
• Roy then bought Lord Kemsley’s controlling stake in Kemsley Press for £5 million: £1 million cash from the prior transaction, a £1 million promissory note with a ten-year term, and £3 million in cash that Roy borrowed from the bank.
• Roy made a tender offer (i.e., offered to buy at a set price) for Kemsley shares owned by other minority shareholders, too.

In roughly seven years, Roy had gone from electoral defeat in Canada to becoming a press baron in the United Kingdom. With the Kemsley deal, he’d reached his goal of owning fifty-two newspapers. At age 40, Roy was broke and heavily indebted. By age 65, he had empires in two countries on different continents. Roy continued to build his empire and expanded to have newspapers in Africa, Australia, and other places.

Roy also achieved his other goal and was given the title “baron” in 1964, becoming Lord Thomson of Fleet Street. Roy had reached the upper echelon of elite global circles, and he did it his way, on his terms. By 1964, his hard work had created an empire valued at roughly £100 million. His family is still one of the wealthiest, if not the wealthiest, families in Canada.

Roy passed away in 1976 at the age of 82, but his family continues to run his empire. In 2008, Roy’s Thomson Corporation acquired Reuters Group plc to form what is now known as Thomson Reuters, a multinational information company with a market capitalization (i.e., valuation) of roughly $74 billion as of this writing.

Roy Thomson was a dynamic entrepreneur who built a massive newspaper and media empire through savvy dealmaking and a dogged work ethic.

After his separation from Jack Kent Cooke, Roy Thomson kept moving forward. He continued to try to pierce the upper echelons of Canadian society by joining the board of the prestigious Albany Club in Toronto. He bought three more Canadian newspapers and issued $3 million in bonds to finance these and other purchases. He hired a right-hand man with an encyclopedic knowledge of Canadian newspaper statistics who improved his sourcing of newspapers to purchase. He was well on his way to achieving his publicly stated goal of owning 52 papers, one for each week of the year. Everything was trending upward until his wife, Edna, was diagnosed with cancer in 1951 and passed away in 1952. After she passed, Roy regretted working so much and not spending more time at home with her.

As a widower, Roy did what he knew best: he dove into his work and his presidency at Canadian Press, a trade association. As president, Roy preached to publishers that broadcasting wouldn’t kill newspapers, technology was expensive up front but cheap in the long run, and television shouldn’t be feared because television and radio stations could buy news from Canadian Press. Roy also bought seven more Canadian newspapers during his tenure as president and a Florida newspaper while vacationing in the state.

Continuing to try to grow his networks and influence in the upper echelons, Roy ran for Parliament of Canada as a progressive conservative candidate. He was defeated. Undeterred, he refocused on his business and decided to expand into Great Britain. In 1953, he began printing a weekly magazine for Canadians living in Britain. Then The Scotsman, a prestigious newspaper in Scotland, asked Roy if he was still interested in buying it. The newspaper had been mismanaged after the World War II boom and was losing money. To transfer ownership to the next generation, its owner would face a death tax it couldn’t afford. Roy bought The Scotsman and two sister papers. The deal stipulated that he become a resident publisher. At 59, he moved to Edinburgh, Scotland, to build another empire.

Roy transferred management of his North American and Caribbean businesses to his son Kenneth and executives. He focused intensely on turning around The Scotsman, but things didn’t go as planned. Roy cycled through a few editors, and circulation dropped. Edinburgh’s high society, which initially wanted to get to know Roy, shunned him because of his blunt demeanor and changes he made to their local newspapers. Unsure how to turn things around, Roy offered Jack 25% ownership for free if he’d move to Edinburgh to run the newspapers. Jack, successful in his own right, declined.

Things were going well in Canada. His team was steadily buying newspapers in Canada and Florida. They even acquired two television stations in partnership with a local senator. But it would be three years before Roy’s Edinburgh newspapers stopped losing money, which happened in 1955. Even with this significant turnaround complete, Roy was not content; he was back in grow-my-empire mode and considering how to start Scotland’s first independent television station.